This review summarizes and highlights the applications of EPR in heterogeneous, homogeneous, photocatalytic and microporous materials, all of which are of vital importance to the field of catalysis. This comprehensive compilation of experimental techniques includes theoretical and practical aspects of ESR instrumentation. Electron Spin Resonance: A Comprehensive Treatise on Experimental Techniques 2nd edn (Dover, 1983). This introduction to EPR of TMIs is suitable for graduate students and scientists with a background in chemistry and physics who want to use this method for their own work, and includes many examples of TMIs in various materials such as oxides, glasses and semiconductors. Transition Ion Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (Clarendon Press, 1990). This state-of-the-art overview of advanced EPR techniques includes the theoretical principles of EPR and the calculation of EPR parameters, common experimental techniques such as pulse EPR, multi-frequency EPR and double resonance techniques, and important applications. EPR Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Methods (Wiley, 2018). This thorough and well-written introduction to EPR is recommended for those with a chemistry background and is far more accessible than most detailed EPR texts.Įaton, G. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (Oxford Univ. Instructive and relevant application examples illustrate strategies to solve problems.Ĭhechik, V., Carter, E.
This book presents easy-to-follow explanations of the core principles of EPR without overwhelming the reader with complex physics and mathematics. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance: A Practitioners Toolkit (Wiley, 2009).
Towards the computational design of solid catalysts. Finally, we identify directions for development to guide interested researchers towards evolving areas including miniaturization and high-frequency analysis. We also discuss data sharing and reproducibility issues as well as limitations to the technique. The broad applicability of the approaches is demonstrated through case studies in each area, with a focus on unravelling catalytic mechanisms. Here, we introduce the concept of EPR followed by the methodology for in situ EPR studies and discuss high-temperature gas–solid reactions, molecular catalysis, photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy directly probes these unpaired electrons to characterize molecular radicals as well as determine transition metal ion oxidation states and coordination geometries. Many reactions follow radical mechanisms, and many catalysts adopt paramagnetic states within their catalytic cycles where the systems exhibit species with unpaired electrons, which provide a sensitive handle to probe their geometric and electronic structure. In situ catalysis studies seek insight into species present under reaction conditions to elucidate reaction mechanisms and understand the atomistic details of the active catalyst, both of which are key to optimizing catalyst reactivity and processes.
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